# Ipamorelin References: The Cited Literature

> Ipamorelin references — the full cited literature behind this pharmacokinetics-first digest, with PubMed links and DOIs for every study summarized.

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to one of these studies. PubMed and DOI links for each.

## How this list is used

This is the complete reference list for the Ipamorelin digest. Each numbered entry corresponds to the bracketed citations throughout the site, so any figure — the ~2-hour half-life, the swine ED50, the failed-trial p-value — can be traced to its source. The list leans on the small body of human ipamorelin data (the PK/PD study and the single Phase 2 trial) and the broader preclinical and class-level literature that frames the mechanism and safety. Links go to PubMed or the DOI of record.

## References

[1] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[2] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[3] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[8] Johansen PB, et al. Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion and GH receptor resistance in streptozotocin diabetic mice in response to a GH secretagogue. Exp Diabesity Res. 2003;4(2):73-81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14630569/
[9] Bercu BB, et al. Role of selected endogenous peptides in growth hormone-releasing hexapeptide activity: analysis of growth hormone-releasing hormone, thyroid hormone-releasing hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology. 1992;130(5):2579-2586. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1315249/
[10] Hansen BS, et al. Pharmacological characterisation of a new oral GH secretagogue, NN703. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999;141(2):180-189. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10427162/
[11] Hansen TK, et al. Novel orally active growth hormone secretagogues. J Med Chem. 1998;41(19):3705-3714. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9733496/
[12] Coutinho LFD, et al. A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2026 (Epub ahead of print). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41880199/
[13] Bowers CY, et al. GHRP-2, GHRH and SRIF interrelationships during chronic administration of GHRP-2 to humans. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1996;9 Suppl 3:261-270. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8887169/
[14] Massoud AF, et al. Interaction of the growth hormone releasing peptide hexarelin with somatostatin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997;47(5):537-547. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9425393/

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An editorial digest that reads ipamorelin through its kinetics — half-life, clearance, and a single GH pulse, each figure traced to the study that measured it; this is not a pharmacy, it dispenses nothing, and nothing here is a dose or a recommendation.